The purpose that religions have is to determine what is the cause of the human problem or suffering. Plato is different from the other philosophers/psychologists because he believes that the human problem lies in ignorance and that in order to get rid of the problem, once must gain knowledge and reason.

Lorenz focuses on the “theory of innate human aggression”, which is basically the same concept as Freud. The non-expression of these urges causes a type of “antisocial characterization” of human nature which should not be present. Freud, on the other hand, views society’s rules of countering the desires of mankind as the cause of the human problem, because humans now cannot express their urges as they want to, and this causes a pen up frustration. Marx believes that the human problem is due to a capitalist society and that the problem with the world is that people are estranged and continue to work although there is no satisfaction in that work. The different people who take a stand at the human problem are Marx, Freud, Lorenz, and Plato.

This reading starts off with the human problem as seen through different people, and then focuses on the human problem as seen through four different religions.

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